"Spacecraft, satellites, and space-based systems all face cybersecurity threats that are becoming increasingly sophisticated and dangerous," [1]reports CNBC .

"With interconnected technologies controlling everything from navigation to anti-ballistic missiles, a security breach could have catastrophic consequences."

> Critical space infrastructure [2]is susceptible to threats across three key segments: in space, on the ground segment and within the communication links between the two. A break in one can be a cascading failure for all, said Wayne Lonstein, co-founder and CEO at VFT Solutions, and co-author of Cyber-Human Systems, Space Technologies, and Threats. "In many ways, the threats to critical infrastructure on Earth can cause vulnerabilities in space," Lonstein said. "Internet, power, spoofing and so many other vectors that can cause havoc in space," he added. The integration of artificial intelligence into space projects has [3]heightened the risk of sophisticated cyber attacks orchestrated by state actors and individual hackers. AI integration into space exploration allows more decision-making with less human oversight.

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> For example, [4]NASA is using AI to target scientific specimens for planetary rovers. However, reduced human oversight could make these missions more prone to unexplained and potentially calamitous cyberattacks, said Sylvester Kaczmarek, chief technology officer at OrbiSky Systems, which specializes in the integration of AI, robotics, cybersecurity, and edge computing in aerospace applications. Data poisoning, where attackers feed corrupted data to AI models, is one example of what could go wrong, Kaczmarek said. Another threat, he said, is model inversion, where adversaries reverse-engineer AI models to extract sensitive information, potentially compromising mission integrity. If compromised, AI systems could be used to interfere with or take control of strategically important national space missions...

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> The U.S. government is tightening up the integrity and security of AI systems in space. The 2023 Cyberspace Solarium Commission [5]report stressed the importance of designating outer space as a critical infrastructure sector, urging enhanced cybersecurity protocols for satellite operators... The rivalry between the U.S. and China includes the new battleground of space. As both nations ramp up their space ambitions and militarized capabilities beyond Earth's atmosphere, the threat of cyberattacks targeting critical orbital assets has become an increasingly pressing concern... Space-based systems increasingly support critical infrastructure back on Earth, and any cyberattacks on these systems could undermine national security and economic interests.



[1] https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/30/in-new-space-race-hackers-hitching-ride-into-orbit.html

[2] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/increased-cybersecurity-for-space-based-services/

[3] https://files.gao.gov/reports/GAO-23-106203/index.html?_gl=1*1933lod*_ga*MjA1MzEwNzI1MC4xNjk0MDkyOTg4*_ga_V393SNS3SR*MTcyNDg1NTg4NS40NC4xLjE3MjQ4NTU4OTIuMC4wLjA.#appendix22

[4] https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/heres-how-ai-is-changing-nasas-mars-rover-science/

[5] https://www.fdd.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CSC2.0_Report_Space.pdf