News: 1718274486

  ARM Give a man a fire and he's warm for a day, but set fire to him and he's warm for the rest of his life (Terry Pratchett, Jingo)

Version 256 of systemd boasts '42% less Unix philosophy'

(2024/06/13)


The latest version of the systemd init system is out, with the [1]openly confrontational tag line : "Available soon in your nearest distro, now with 42 percent less Unix philosophy."

As Lennart Poettering's [2]announcement points out, this is the first version of systemd whose version number is a nine-bit value.

Systemd 255 is here with improved UKI support [3]READ MORE

Version 256, as usual, brings in a broad assortment of new features, but also turns off some older features that are now considered deprecated. For instance, it won't run under cgroups version 1 unless forced.

Around since 2008, cgroups is a Linux kernel containerization mechanism originally donated by Google, as The Reg [4]noted a decade ago . Cgroups v2 was [5]merged in 2016 so this isn't a radical change. System V service scripts are now deprecated too, as is the SystemdOptions EFI variable.

Additionally, there are some new commands and options. Some are relatively minor, such as the new systemd-vpick binary, which can automatically select the latest member of versioned directories. Before any OpenVMS admirers get excited, no, Linux does not now support versions on files or directories. Instead, this is a [6]fresh option that uses a formalized [7]versioning system involving:

… paths whose trailing components have the .v/ suffix, pointing to a directory.

These components will then automatically look for suitable files inside the directory, do a version comparison and open the newest file found (by version).

The latest function, which The Reg FOSS desk suspects will ruffle some feathers, is a whole new command, run0 , which effectively replaces the sudo command as used in Apple's macOS and in Ubuntu ever since the first release.

Agent P [8]introduced the new command in a Mastodon thread. He says that the key benefit is that run0 doesn't need setuid , a basic [9]POSIX function , which, to quote its [10]Linux manual page , "sets the effective user ID of the calling process." In other words, sudo does some black magic to make the OS treat a command run by an ordinary, unprivileged user – that's you, peon – as if the superuser, "root," ran that command instead. It's a very old command, [11]dating back to 1980 , but it only went mainstream early this century. It was soon so accepted that even by 2006, it was the [12]subject of comics .

[13]

Mr Poettering [14]regards this hocus-pocus as a Bad Thing:

In my ideal world, we'd have an OS entirely without SUID. Let's throw out the concept of SUID on the dump of UNIX' bad ideas.

The new alternative does no such sleight of hand. Instead, it just gets the systemd daemon to run the command for you, using a special form of the existing [15]systemd-run command .

[16]Linux for older phones postmarketOS changes its init system

[17]Systemd 255 is here with improved UKI support

[18]Version 5 of systemd-free Debian remix Devuan is here

[19]Soft-reboot in systemd 254 sounds a lot like Windows' Fast Startup

Another new command is [20]importctl , which handles importing and exporting both block-level and file-system-level disk images. And there's a new type of system service called a [21]capsule , and "a small new service manager" called [22]systemd-ssh-generator , which lets VMs and containers accept SSH connections so long as systemd can find the sshd binary – even if no networking is available.

We suspect that, as usual, many old xNix hands will grumble that this sort of functionality doesn't belong in an init system. This is arguably true, but the rise of systemd now seems inexorable. A clear majority of distros now use it, and [23]new converts are still appearing . There are still [24]some holdouts , and FreeBSD is right there as a safe space.

[25]

The [26]release notes contain a full list of changes, and the project lead has a [27]list of threads describing the new functionality and the reasoning behind it. ®

Get our [28]Tech Resources



[1] https://social.vivaldi.net/deck/@bluca@fosstodon.org/112600235620499886

[2] https://0pointer.net/blog/announcing-systemd-v256.html

[3] https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/08/systemd_255_is_here/

[4] https://www.theregister.com/2014/05/23/google_containerization_two_billion/

[5] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/diff/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt?id=v4.5&id2=v4.4

[6] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/systemd-vpick.html

[7] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/systemd.v.html#

[8] https://mastodon.social/@pid_eins/112353324518585654

[9] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/functions/setuid.html

[10] https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html

[11] https://www.sudo.ws/about/history/

[12] https://xkcd.com/149/

[13] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=2&c=2ZmsXpPU4iEP3sAWm8JlcXAAAAAA&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D2%26raptor%3Dcondor%26pos%3Dtop%26test%3D0

[14] https://mastodon.social/@pid_eins/112353379708741872

[15] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd-run.html

[16] https://www.theregister.com/2024/03/11/postmarketos_goes_systemd/

[17] https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/08/systemd_255_is_here/

[18] https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/21/devuan_5_systemdfree_debian/

[19] https://www.theregister.com/2023/08/02/systemd_254/

[20] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/importctl.html

[21] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/capsule@.service.html

[22] https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/devel/systemd-ssh-generator.html

[23] https://www.theregister.com/2024/03/11/postmarketos_goes_systemd/

[24] https://nosystemd.org/

[25] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44ZmsXpPU4iEP3sAWm8JlcXAAAAAA&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D4%26raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0

[26] https://github.com/systemd/systemd/releases/tag/v256

[27] https://0pointer.net/blog/announcing-systemd-v256.html

[28] https://whitepapers.theregister.com/



I only just got the hang of the sudoers file format

David Harper 1

And now I'll have to learn how to use yet another arcane bolt-on to systemd. Bugger.

Re: I only just got the hang of the sudoers file format

Doctor Syntax

But does this have an equivalent? Or maybe it just users the suders file before deprecating it a few releases in the future.

It's the only way to be sure.

Bartholomew

This is what happens when no one says "I say we take off and nuke the entire site from orbit."

Re: It's the only way to be sure.

R Soul

It's the only way to be sure.

Re: It's the only way to be sure.

Michael Strorm

Yeah, but since Poettering now works for Microsoft, wouldn't doing that also run the risk of destroying the parts of the company responsible for developing Windows 11 and all those other MS products we know and...

On second thoughts, you pilot the ship and I'll get the nuke ready! ;-)

Re: It's the only way to be sure.

SCP

You're going to need a bigger nuke!

Re: It's the only way to be sure.

Dave559

Can't we all just get along? Let's all get a nice easter egg for Lennart: There's this place on LV-426 where the floor is just full of them…

version 256 of systemd

Bartholomew

Now with 42% more attack surface.

Let's throw out the concept of systemd on the dump of bad Linux ideas.

Dan 55

TFTFY.

Re: Let's throw out the concept of systemd on the dump of bad Linux ideas.

That Badger

Ian Murdock (the Ian in DebIan) probably said something similar, before being taken out of the equation...

Re: Let's throw out the concept of systemd on the dump of bad Linux ideas.

Androgynous Cupboard

The jokes, they just write themselves don't they?

How long before systemd ...

alain williams

has an emacs function ?

We used to joke about emacs doing everything but did not foresee systemd.

Re: How long before systemd ...

b0llchit

Soon: systemd, without an OS kernel. Boot directly into systemd and all your applications will run as systemd. All applications are systemd. Systemd rules!

Re: How long before systemd ...

Bartholomew

The origin story of the Borg!

Re: How long before systemd ...

wolfetone

You joke but it already has it's own text editor.

Re: How long before systemd ...

nematoad

...all your applications will run as systemd.

Indeed. It just makes you wonder if systemd was really Poettering's audition to work at MS.

Not being au fait with things systemd (PCLinuxOS user here) does it have a Registry yet?

Re: How long before systemd ...

Mr D Spenser

does it have a Registry yet?

Beat me to it. That's the answer to a previous posters question about the sudoers file.

Re: How long before systemd ...

zimzam

Your system are belongd to us.

Doctor Syntax

"Let's throw out the concept of SUID on the dump of UNIX' bad ideas."

For once I agree with him. Just use su.

Spazturtle

su means I need to give out the root password and it also makes it harder to control access with SELinux.

Doctor Syntax

With sudo you don't need to give anyone root password because their own password suffices if they're in the sudoers file. That means hat if their password has been obtained by somebody else - possibly because they reused it elsewhere - then there's no additional layer of protection. None. Whatever access they have through sudo is now open to that third person.

The only reason you should have to give out the root password is that you need to give someone access that can only be done by root. The original solution was that if someone's job was printer administration that was done by user lpadmin and they'd su to lpadmin using lpadmin's password, not root's. And you still needed a separate password to become root.

It was a poor solution to an already solved problem.

Phil O'Sophical

With sudo you don't need to give anyone root password because their own password suffices if they're in the sudoers file. That means hat if their password has been obtained by somebody else - possibly because they reused it elsewhere - then there's no additional layer of protection. None. Whatever access they have through sudo is now open to that third person.

Which is also true if they've been careless enough to lose the root password. That's a more likely scenario for someone who only occasionally has to use it, and so puts it on a post-it or similar. They are hopefully less likely to do that with their own password, which they use frequently enough to remember it.

The big advantage of tools like sudo is the audit trail. If someone logs in as root using the root password and commits mayhem, you have no idea who it was.

If, on the other hand, someone uses sudo to become root & cause trouble, you know who did it.

In any case, Poettering seems more to be referring to the concept of SUID, and the related setuid() function, which isn't the same thing as sudo. It's more often used to allow specific binaries to run with elevated privileges. He seems to be suggesting that instead of giving the binary itself the privilege (via what is essentially a filesystem permissions bit hack interpreted by the kernel), the user would "ask" systemd to run it with privilege. It's just more systemd empire-building, removing control from the kernel & putting it in systemd. As noted elsewhere, we're rapidly heading toward systemdOS, any day now he'll reinvent containers.

Teoh Han Hui

> any day now he'll reinvent containers.

You're talking as if `systemd-nspawn` isn't already one of the most widely-used container technologies with or without your knowledge: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd-nspawn.html

nematoad

Just use su.

Amen to that.

Have one on me.

[1]Some thoughts on PClinuxOS's take on Sudo

[1] https://www.pclinuxos.com/forum/index.php/topic,90479.msg758079.html#msg758079

Eecahmap

Use MFA with sudo.

The product I supported in my last job, BoKS, can do exactly that.

Anonymous Coward

sudo su -

ChoHag

su is a suid binary, indeed it was possibly the first suid binary:

-r-sr-xr-x 1 root bin 17528 Jun 7 15:43 /usr/bin/su

wolfetone

I wish someone would dump systemd and Poettering somewhere away from Linux altogether.

TVU

"I wish someone would dump systemd and Poettering somewhere away from Linux altogether"

The perfect place would be the subantarctic Bouvet Island which very conveniently has no internet connection to anywhere else in the world.

"42% less Unix philosophy"

Anonymous Coward

Translation: Poettering knows he's never been- and never will be- popular among the Linux community, and has decided to go all-in on the smug troll route instead, doubling down on the entirely legitimate reasons he's disliked there and attempting to mock them for it.

Re: "42% less Unix philosophy"

Doctor Syntax

It's not the sort of character trait that engenders trust and yet systemd required an enormous amount of trust.

Re: "42% less Unix philosophy"

Liam Proven

[Author here]

> has decided to go all-in on the smug troll route instead

Do please note, this description is *not* from Lennart P himself.

It was from Luca Boccassi:

https://social.vivaldi.net/deck/@bluca@fosstodon.org/112600235620499886

https://github.com/bluca

https://salsa.debian.org/bluca

Re: "42% less Unix philosophy"

Anonymous Coward

Thank you for the correction- though, to be fair, it was an understandable misinterpretation given that the quote in the article immediately preceded reference to "Lennart Poettering's announcement" itself.

Regardless, that sort of smug, triumphalist gloat coming from *anyone* in a high-ranking position within the project doesn't reflect well upon it or its attitude towards the community.

minor nit

oknop

'Before any OpenVMS admirers get excited, no, Linux does not now support versions on files or directories.'

OpenVMS (ODS) never supported versions of directories. Only normal files. A directory file always has version 1.

Oswald

Anonymous Coward

Pretty soon we'll be running GNU/systemd.

How can the rot be stopped?

Doctor Syntax

By moving to Devuan or one of the other non-systemd Linices and if that really does become infeasible, move to a BSD.

Sudosu

Personally, I have been slowly sliding my servers over to OpenBSD for my mainline servers and OmniOS for my file servers.

I do still use Proxmox for my VM's, but I consider that more of an appliance.

Anonymous Coward

By writing a better competitor that people WANT to use instead of having it forced on them.

The curmudgeons would say let's go back to SysV but then they'd probably also be happy making everyone sit in caves whilst rubbing two sticks together. Upstart was only a small improvement over SysV and that's not enough to make people take notice. A true future competitor must have some key advantage in order to make waves, and it needs to be significant waves to aler the course of SystemD's sea-swell.

Doctor Syntax

Yes, I'm a curmudgeon and refute your comparison.

Maybe there is a better solution than Sys V but I found Upstart already a step in the wrong direction because it made a start-up problem impossible to diagnose. Possibly there was somewhere where some debugging could have been inserted but if so it was sufficiently obfuscated that I never found it. Clarity is a virtue to be valued.

Distrust and disrupt the disruptor

Fred Daggy

I think systemd will do it to themselves.

It is growing. Virus-like. One day it will just grow too big and the cracks will show. The cracks will be exploited. Cracks will be papered over, exposing more cracks. Sort of like Windows.

At that point, systemd will be prime for disruption. I for one, will not be standing in the way of systemd shooting themselves in the foot.

How can the rot be stopped?

Anonymous Coward

Use a proper OS. For instance one of the BSDs.

ChoHag

We don't want SUID so let's move SUID over here and call it something else!

cjcox

Around the corner... systemd-llama: "You don't need to do anything, we got this."

Sudosu

It really whips the llama's ass.

Temptation...

Bebu

to port Solaris 10 (or OpenIndiana/illumos) SMF to Linux but the cure might be worse than the disease. ;)

I have no real idea what 42% less Unix philosophy actually means and I am not sure Poettering could enumerate those tenets of Unix philosophy the 42% doesn't now support.

Unix setuid has been a security nightmare but if you allow Linux capabilities you can get away with no suid binaries although cap_setuid is not much better. (Surprising how many scanning tools check setuid/setgid file perms but ignore file capabilities. ;)

what could possibly go wrong

Doug 3

Let's make everything easier to run as root sounds like something a Microsurf would say and want.

And if systemd is now going to take input from run0 there had better be a wall much bigger than used in World War Z built around it. Make that 3 of them.

I have a bad feeling about this.

Less UNIX philosophy...

nullroute

... So do many things, poorly?

Plan 256, from the depths of heck.

NickHolland

Long ago, it was said, "Those who don't understand Unix are bound to reinvent it, poorly".

Now we got Linux trying to reinvent Windows...poorly.

The current user base for Linux appear to be frustrated Windows users, hating Windows, but intent on recreating it. The leaders are afraid to say, "no, bad idea" to anyone's new code, no one gets recognized for improving existing code, they want to have their name on the replacement for something.

Let the downvoting begin...

curtation, n.:
The enforced compression of a string in the fixed-length field
environment.
The problem of fitting extremely variable-length strings such as names,
addresses, and item descriptions into fixed-length records is no trivial
matter. Neglect of the subtle art of curtation has probably alienated more
people than any other aspect of data processing. You order Mozart's "Don
Giovanni" from your record club, and they invoice you $24.95 for MOZ DONG.
The witless mapping of the sublime onto the ridiculous! Equally puzzling is
the curtation that produces the same eight characters, THE BEST, whether you
order "The Best of Wagner", "The Best of Schubert", or "The Best of the Turds".
Similarly, wine lovers buying from computerized wineries twirl their glasses,
check their delivery notes, and inform their friends, "A rather innocent,
possibly overtruncated CAB SAUV 69 TAL." The squeezing of fruit into 10
columns has yielded such memorable obscenities as COX OR PIP. The examples
cited are real, and the curtational methodology which produced them is still
with us.

MOZ DONG n.
Curtation of Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Lorenzo da
Ponte, as performed by the computerized billing ensemble of the Internat'l
Preview Society, Great Neck (sic), N.Y.
-- Stan Kelly-Bootle, "The Devil's DP Dictionary"