Neptune OS is Debian made easy but, boy, does it need some housekeeping
(2025/05/22)
- Reference: 1747921515
- News link: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2025/05/22/neptune_os/
- Source link:
Neptune is a moderately tweaked Debian remix with KDE Plasma 5, a few alternative app choices, and a longer history than we anticipated.
[1]Neptune OS sounded to us like it might appeal to quite a few people. Its [2]about page tells you it's based on Debian stable, with KDE as a pragmatic choice of desktop, plus some selected newer apps than Debian itself includes. For instance, instead of Debian's ESR release of Firefox, you get a more recent version of Chromium.
The latest release, [3]version 8.1 , came out during Easter, and the announcement mentions some of the other changes. Rather than the KDE defaults that Debian offers, you get the Thunderbird messaging client and the VLC media player. So far, so good. These are solid choices. Also, as we [4]described a few years ago , upgrading Debian to a newer web browser can be tricky. Neptune pre-installs Flatpak support, making it easy to add newer apps than Debian's conservative – and thus sometimes rather dated – collection. However, no flatpaks are installed by default.
[5]
As we mentioned when we [6]covered LastOS Linux , we plan to take a look at a few less well-known distros that are candidates to replace Windows 10 for users who don't have the option of upgrading come the [7]"End of 10" this October . It's not all that easy to turn a fresh Debian install into something fully functional with working drivers, media codecs, and so on. Neptune does this for you.
[8]
There's a lot here to enjoy, but as a result, resource usage is high – click to enlarge
The installation is pretty simple. Neptune boots into a live desktop environment, and uses the Calamares cross-distro installer, which is more flexible than Debian's approach. We did notice some small oddities, though. We tested in VirtualBox 7, which assigned our VM 20 GB of disk space, which should be plenty. Neptune's installer assigned a whopping 8 GB of this to a swap partition. That's equal to the amount of RAM we gave the VM, but that's an awful lot of swap by modern standards. We tried to do a custom install, but for no apparent reason it only offered us the option to create an LVM layout, which we didn't want. We accepted the defaults, and the result was that the OS was squeezed into an 11.2 GB primary partition. That isn't really enough space. Neptune itself used about 10 GB, leaving too little room to perform a post-install system update. It filled the root partition and the update failed, forcing us to do some manual cleanup and repair operations.
Now, true, 20 GB isn't much disk space for a modern OS, but that's not what we are questioning here. What we're pointing out is that the installer assigned an unnecessarily large amount of swap space. Secondly, we wondered why it took ten gigs of disk, which is a lot. For comparison, we installed a vanilla copy of the [9]newly released Debian 12.11 . Even with VirtualBox Guest Additions installed, it only uses 6.4 GB of space, and it assigns a reasonable 1 GB of swap.
[10]
KDE's partition manager, showing a lot of empty swap space and a perilously full root volume – click to enlarge
We were curious, both about where that disk space went, and what the distro's logo meant. Neptune uses a lower case [11]Greek letter zeta as its logo. The project's [12]own history page only goes back to Neptune 4.0 (versions 4.0 through 4.5 are listed twice, oddly) but [13]Distrowatch has more info about that version:
Leszek Lesner has announced the release of Neptune 4.0 (formerly known as ZevenOS "Neptune" edition)
Longtime Register readers may remember ZevenOS. We [14]mentioned it way back in 2013 , and although its domain is no longer active, [15]Distrowatch still has a page on it. ZevenOS was an unofficial Ubuntu remix with Xfce, customized to look remarkably like BeOS. As we have [16]said before , The Reg FOSS desk was a big fan of BeOS, and we liked and used ZevenOS for a while. ZevenOS 1.0 – complete with a lower-case zeta as its logo – appeared in 2008, the year after [17]yellowTab Zeta was [18]discontinued . Zeta was a continuation of BeOS, [19]based on the code of "Dano," the unreleased beta of what would have been BeOS 5.1 or 6.0.
[20]LastOS slaps neon paint on Linux Mint and dares you to run Photoshop
[21]The 'End of 10' is nigh, but don't bury your PC just yet
[22]Commodore OS 3 is the loudest Linux yet
[23]RHEL 10 quietly leaks ahead of Red Hat Summit
With Zeta dead, ZetaOS was a notable effort to bring some of the looks and functionality of [24]BeOS's Tracker desktop to Linux. Neptune started out as "ZetaOS Neptune Edition," the BeOS-a-like distro's slightly more mainstream sibling, using Debian instead of Ubuntu, and KDE instead of a custom Xfce. This explains the small mystery of the logo, and also its emphasis on media codecs and tools.
As for the size, there are some non-obvious extra tools included in Neptune 8.1. It includes the [25]Ardour digital audio workstation and the [26]Kdenlive video editing suite , as well as multiple media playback tools, image editors, and more. There are two web browsers (Chromium and Konqueror), two terminal emulators (Konsole and Yakuake), and two backup programs (Timeshift for OS files and Back in Time for user data). As well as LibreOffice Writer, there's ReText for Markdown. These are all good tools, but duplication takes space, and some of them are perhaps a little specialized for a general audience.
[27]
There's more besides. The login screen reveals a choice of desktops. As well as KDE 5.27.5 (which, as we [28]noted when looking at the latest MX Linux , isn't the latest and final version of KDE 5, which is [29]Plasma 5.27.12 ), in both X11 and Plasma versions, there's also a functional if bare [30]Enlightenment E16 desktop session available, plus non-functional options called "E16 GNOME 2" and "E16 KDE".
[31]
There's a working Enlightenment E16 desktop as well – click to enlarge
We installed Debian 12.11 for comparison, and it's definitely a bit less ready for use. You need a separate user account for root and the sudo command doesn't work by default. To install VirtualBox drivers, we needed to manually install [32]DKMS . Neptune does this, and more, for you, and as a result it works more smoothly out of the metaphorical box. But there's a price to pay for that. It's bigger and it has some substantial extra components that we suspect most people will never need. We'd like to see it relegate the advanced media creation tools to being optional extras, ship the final release of KDE Plasma 5, and either remove Enlightenment or go all-in and default to it.
This project has quite a long history, and that goes some way to explaining why it's accumulated a significant amount of duplicated components, all the way up to having two desktop environments. That, in turn, explains why it takes more than 10 GB of disk space. The distro's roots go back 17 years and a bit of housekeeping is needed. Saying that, as an easier way to get a media-ready version of Debian, Neptune does have some appeal. ®
Get our [33]Tech Resources
[1] https://neptuneos.com/en/start-page.html
[2] https://neptuneos.com/en/about-neptune.html
[3] https://neptuneos.com/en/news-reader/neptune-8-1-is-here.html
[4] https://www.theregister.com/2021/12/10/debian_firefox_issues/
[5] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/oses&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=2&c=2aC9KI5tlUxf2v1Zuvy17EwAAAgc&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D2%26raptor%3Dcondor%26pos%3Dtop%26test%3D0
[6] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/19/lastos/
[7] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/15/end_of_10_campaign/
[8] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_usage.jpg
[9] https://www.debian.org/News/2025/20250517
[10] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_kpart.jpg
[11] https://wumbo.net/symbols/zeta/
[12] https://neptuneos.com/en/changelog.html
[13] https://distrowatch.com/?newsid=08495
[14] https://www.theregister.com/2013/11/01/25_alternative_pc_operating_systems/
[15] https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=zevenos
[16] https://www.theregister.com/2022/01/10/haiku_linux_wine/
[17] https://archiveos.org/zeta/
[18] https://www.theregister.com/Print/2007/01/30/forgotten_tech_beos/
[19] https://www.osnews.com/story/3692/world-exclusive-first-look-at-yellowtabs-zeta/
[20] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/19/lastos/
[21] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/15/end_of_10_campaign/
[22] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/06/commodore_os_3/
[23] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/14/red_hat_enterprise_linux_10/
[24] https://asleson.org/public/mirrors/www.be.com/documentation/User%27s%20Guide/01_basics/Basics04_Tracker.html
[25] https://www.theregister.com/2022/10/18/foss_digital_audio_workstation_ardour/
[26] https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/openshot_3_and_kdenlive/
[27] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/oses&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44aC9KI5tlUxf2v1Zuvy17EwAAAgc&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D4%26raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0
[28] https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/17/mx_linux_236/
[29] https://kde.org/info/plasma-5.27.12/
[30] https://www.enlightenment.org/e16
[31] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_e16.jpg
[32] https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/dkms/dkms.8.en.html
[33] https://whitepapers.theregister.com/
[1]Neptune OS sounded to us like it might appeal to quite a few people. Its [2]about page tells you it's based on Debian stable, with KDE as a pragmatic choice of desktop, plus some selected newer apps than Debian itself includes. For instance, instead of Debian's ESR release of Firefox, you get a more recent version of Chromium.
The latest release, [3]version 8.1 , came out during Easter, and the announcement mentions some of the other changes. Rather than the KDE defaults that Debian offers, you get the Thunderbird messaging client and the VLC media player. So far, so good. These are solid choices. Also, as we [4]described a few years ago , upgrading Debian to a newer web browser can be tricky. Neptune pre-installs Flatpak support, making it easy to add newer apps than Debian's conservative – and thus sometimes rather dated – collection. However, no flatpaks are installed by default.
[5]
As we mentioned when we [6]covered LastOS Linux , we plan to take a look at a few less well-known distros that are candidates to replace Windows 10 for users who don't have the option of upgrading come the [7]"End of 10" this October . It's not all that easy to turn a fresh Debian install into something fully functional with working drivers, media codecs, and so on. Neptune does this for you.
[8]
There's a lot here to enjoy, but as a result, resource usage is high – click to enlarge
The installation is pretty simple. Neptune boots into a live desktop environment, and uses the Calamares cross-distro installer, which is more flexible than Debian's approach. We did notice some small oddities, though. We tested in VirtualBox 7, which assigned our VM 20 GB of disk space, which should be plenty. Neptune's installer assigned a whopping 8 GB of this to a swap partition. That's equal to the amount of RAM we gave the VM, but that's an awful lot of swap by modern standards. We tried to do a custom install, but for no apparent reason it only offered us the option to create an LVM layout, which we didn't want. We accepted the defaults, and the result was that the OS was squeezed into an 11.2 GB primary partition. That isn't really enough space. Neptune itself used about 10 GB, leaving too little room to perform a post-install system update. It filled the root partition and the update failed, forcing us to do some manual cleanup and repair operations.
Now, true, 20 GB isn't much disk space for a modern OS, but that's not what we are questioning here. What we're pointing out is that the installer assigned an unnecessarily large amount of swap space. Secondly, we wondered why it took ten gigs of disk, which is a lot. For comparison, we installed a vanilla copy of the [9]newly released Debian 12.11 . Even with VirtualBox Guest Additions installed, it only uses 6.4 GB of space, and it assigns a reasonable 1 GB of swap.
[10]
KDE's partition manager, showing a lot of empty swap space and a perilously full root volume – click to enlarge
We were curious, both about where that disk space went, and what the distro's logo meant. Neptune uses a lower case [11]Greek letter zeta as its logo. The project's [12]own history page only goes back to Neptune 4.0 (versions 4.0 through 4.5 are listed twice, oddly) but [13]Distrowatch has more info about that version:
Leszek Lesner has announced the release of Neptune 4.0 (formerly known as ZevenOS "Neptune" edition)
Longtime Register readers may remember ZevenOS. We [14]mentioned it way back in 2013 , and although its domain is no longer active, [15]Distrowatch still has a page on it. ZevenOS was an unofficial Ubuntu remix with Xfce, customized to look remarkably like BeOS. As we have [16]said before , The Reg FOSS desk was a big fan of BeOS, and we liked and used ZevenOS for a while. ZevenOS 1.0 – complete with a lower-case zeta as its logo – appeared in 2008, the year after [17]yellowTab Zeta was [18]discontinued . Zeta was a continuation of BeOS, [19]based on the code of "Dano," the unreleased beta of what would have been BeOS 5.1 or 6.0.
[20]LastOS slaps neon paint on Linux Mint and dares you to run Photoshop
[21]The 'End of 10' is nigh, but don't bury your PC just yet
[22]Commodore OS 3 is the loudest Linux yet
[23]RHEL 10 quietly leaks ahead of Red Hat Summit
With Zeta dead, ZetaOS was a notable effort to bring some of the looks and functionality of [24]BeOS's Tracker desktop to Linux. Neptune started out as "ZetaOS Neptune Edition," the BeOS-a-like distro's slightly more mainstream sibling, using Debian instead of Ubuntu, and KDE instead of a custom Xfce. This explains the small mystery of the logo, and also its emphasis on media codecs and tools.
As for the size, there are some non-obvious extra tools included in Neptune 8.1. It includes the [25]Ardour digital audio workstation and the [26]Kdenlive video editing suite , as well as multiple media playback tools, image editors, and more. There are two web browsers (Chromium and Konqueror), two terminal emulators (Konsole and Yakuake), and two backup programs (Timeshift for OS files and Back in Time for user data). As well as LibreOffice Writer, there's ReText for Markdown. These are all good tools, but duplication takes space, and some of them are perhaps a little specialized for a general audience.
[27]
There's more besides. The login screen reveals a choice of desktops. As well as KDE 5.27.5 (which, as we [28]noted when looking at the latest MX Linux , isn't the latest and final version of KDE 5, which is [29]Plasma 5.27.12 ), in both X11 and Plasma versions, there's also a functional if bare [30]Enlightenment E16 desktop session available, plus non-functional options called "E16 GNOME 2" and "E16 KDE".
[31]
There's a working Enlightenment E16 desktop as well – click to enlarge
We installed Debian 12.11 for comparison, and it's definitely a bit less ready for use. You need a separate user account for root and the sudo command doesn't work by default. To install VirtualBox drivers, we needed to manually install [32]DKMS . Neptune does this, and more, for you, and as a result it works more smoothly out of the metaphorical box. But there's a price to pay for that. It's bigger and it has some substantial extra components that we suspect most people will never need. We'd like to see it relegate the advanced media creation tools to being optional extras, ship the final release of KDE Plasma 5, and either remove Enlightenment or go all-in and default to it.
This project has quite a long history, and that goes some way to explaining why it's accumulated a significant amount of duplicated components, all the way up to having two desktop environments. That, in turn, explains why it takes more than 10 GB of disk space. The distro's roots go back 17 years and a bit of housekeeping is needed. Saying that, as an easier way to get a media-ready version of Debian, Neptune does have some appeal. ®
Get our [33]Tech Resources
[1] https://neptuneos.com/en/start-page.html
[2] https://neptuneos.com/en/about-neptune.html
[3] https://neptuneos.com/en/news-reader/neptune-8-1-is-here.html
[4] https://www.theregister.com/2021/12/10/debian_firefox_issues/
[5] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/oses&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=2&c=2aC9KI5tlUxf2v1Zuvy17EwAAAgc&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D2%26raptor%3Dcondor%26pos%3Dtop%26test%3D0
[6] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/19/lastos/
[7] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/15/end_of_10_campaign/
[8] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_usage.jpg
[9] https://www.debian.org/News/2025/20250517
[10] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_kpart.jpg
[11] https://wumbo.net/symbols/zeta/
[12] https://neptuneos.com/en/changelog.html
[13] https://distrowatch.com/?newsid=08495
[14] https://www.theregister.com/2013/11/01/25_alternative_pc_operating_systems/
[15] https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=zevenos
[16] https://www.theregister.com/2022/01/10/haiku_linux_wine/
[17] https://archiveos.org/zeta/
[18] https://www.theregister.com/Print/2007/01/30/forgotten_tech_beos/
[19] https://www.osnews.com/story/3692/world-exclusive-first-look-at-yellowtabs-zeta/
[20] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/19/lastos/
[21] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/15/end_of_10_campaign/
[22] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/06/commodore_os_3/
[23] https://www.theregister.com/2025/05/14/red_hat_enterprise_linux_10/
[24] https://asleson.org/public/mirrors/www.be.com/documentation/User%27s%20Guide/01_basics/Basics04_Tracker.html
[25] https://www.theregister.com/2022/10/18/foss_digital_audio_workstation_ardour/
[26] https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/15/openshot_3_and_kdenlive/
[27] https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/oses&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44aC9KI5tlUxf2v1Zuvy17EwAAAgc&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D4%26raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0
[28] https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/17/mx_linux_236/
[29] https://kde.org/info/plasma-5.27.12/
[30] https://www.enlightenment.org/e16
[31] https://regmedia.co.uk/2025/05/21/neptune_e16.jpg
[32] https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/dkms/dkms.8.en.html
[33] https://whitepapers.theregister.com/
Unrealistically large (by percentage) swap partition
ChrisElvidge
Your fault for specifying a 20G disk. With VBox you specify an unreasonably large disk (100G) but then it only uses such space as required - dynamic sizing.
What should actually be in the iso?
keithpeter
Minimal like windows or full fat turnkey? You makes your choice and pays the bandwidth tax I suppose.
Sounds like the Neptune OS authors are going for fullish fat with a selection of creative software set up and ready to go. Ardour I recollect implies a jack audio/pipewire/whatever set-up configured as part of the install. That pre-packaged configuration could be useful for some people/use cases.
Icon: choice is nice
This sounds like Mint with extra steps
billdehaan
As happy as I am to help others migrate off Windows prior to the upcoming Windows-10-pocalyse, this seems like something that will appeal to a niche collection of users.
There's nothing wrong with that, hell, there's a Justin Bieber distribution of Linux that apparently has a user base, but it's not what I'd recommend to Windows refugees.
For people coming off of Windows looking at Linux for the first time, Neptune is a new distribution, with a small team, and by using the KDE desktop, as the article states, it's going to need a lot more housekeeping/maintenance than other OOB (out of box) distributions like Mint or Zorin OS.
I'm glad to see it, and I might give it a try in a VM, but I don't think that this is really the ideal choice for new users. If a new user wants to try KDE, I'd recommend Kubuntu (a larger community with greater support) or TuxedoOS (likewise, and they even sell PCs with it pre-installed and preconfigured).
Psudo security
brainwrong
I'm no expert here, but I don't understand how allowing access to all admin tools via sudo and the users password is more secure than using a root account with a different password.
Hibernate
"a swap partition. That's equal to the amount of RAM we gave the VM".
That's the requirement to make hibernation work. Most distros just give you some token swap, so that hibernation can never work.
If this is a Win10 replacement, hibernation should be a first-class supported feature.